As a dentist, I have come across several patients who have voiced  doubts about removing their wisdom teeth surgically or routinely. “Do I  really need the surgery?” is often the query that needs to be answered  in a convincing manner. Why do dentists recommend removing wisdom teeth,  and should they be removed simply as a prophylactic measure even when  they are not really causing any trouble? This topic is being debated  heatedly among the dental fraternity today, giving reasons for and  against that have confused many.
Before  we get into the technicalities of the debate, let me explain more about  wisdom teeth. The “third molars” or the last molars are commonly  referred to as the “Wisdom Teeth” because they erupt in the oral  cavity anytime between the ages of 17-25 or older that marks the age of  maturity. Most adults will have all four wisdom teeth in their oral  cavity, while there may be an absence of one or more of them in others.  At times, it is found that all four wisdom teeth are absent (I am a  perfect example of this case). Most commonly it is seen that the wisdom  teeth affect other teeth as they are erupting into the oral cavity –  becoming impacted.
The definition of an impacted tooth  according to Archer - “A tooth which is completely or  partially un-erupted and is positioned against another tooth, bone or  soft tissue, so that its further eruption is unlikely, described  according to its anatomic position."
Why  do impactions occur? Well, there are numerous theories that try to  explain why such impactions occur. According to the Orthodontic  Theory by Durbeck - “Jaws develop in a downward and  forward direction. Growth of the jaw and movement of teeth occurs in  forward direction, anything that interferes with such movement will  cause an impaction (small jaw -- decreased space)."
Other  reasons attributed are local infections, inflammations, malocclusion,  trauma and early loss of teeth Other theories attribute it to  use-disuse, heredity, nutritional habits and/or endocrinal secretions.
Many  a times, the third molars (wisdom teeth) erupt into their proper  position and may not cause any trouble during the entire lifetime of the  person. In such a case, they are treated much like any other teeth that  may be present in the oral cavity. However, if these teeth decay, cause  repeated periodontal problems, occlusal problems or pain in the  temperomandibular joint, then the dentist generally advocates removing  them.
Maintaining dental hygiene by brushing  and flossing, in the case of third molars (fully erupted or partially  erupted), can be a little difficult due to the normal anatomical space  behind the tooth where food particles get lodged and cannot be easily  removed. This becomes a potential source of infection, which can turn  into acute cellulites and become life threatening if not treated in time  with appropriate antibiotics.
At times, the  third molars do not erupt completely into their correct position due to  any number of reasons, like, for example, lack of space. They may also  be positioned either horizontally, vertically, away or toward the  neighboring tooth (Distal or Mesial). Such teeth are said to be impacted  and may cause damage to the neighboring teeth or become a potential  source of infection due to the creation of “periodontal pockets." They  may also put pressure on the roots of the adjacent teeth, thereby  causing the roots to resorb or push the adjacent teeth from its position  to cause malocclusion or misalignment. Such patients turn up with pain  and other discomforts associated with the third molars, and are advised  to remove their third molars surgically, after taking appropriate X-rays  and investigating the case thoroughly.
Generally, fully  erupted third molars that are properly aligned can be extracted easily  like any other teeth, provided there are no other pathological factors,  and this can easily be ruled out by taking an X-ray before the  extraction. However, partially erupted, or impacted, teeth need to be  removed surgically, as stated above.
Treatment  Controversy:
It is a common  practice, in developed countries, to remove the third molars as a  preventive or prophylactic treatment despite sufficient scientific data  to support it. There have been numerous studies and research conducted  to evaluate the effect of preventive removal of asymptomatic wisdom  teeth. However, the research showed no evidence to either support or to  refute this practice. (Refer: The Cochrane Collaboration Interventions  for treating asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth in adolescents and  adults.)
The National Institute for  Health and Clinical Excellence, in UK, the authority that appraises  the cost-effectiveness of treatments for the National Health Service,  “recommends that impacted wisdom teeth that are free from disease  should not be operated on.” 
However,  there is also a strong opposition to the prophylactic removal of third  molars, one of them being the American Public Health Association that  “recommends against prophylactic removal of asymptomatic,  non-pathological wisdom teeth, including wisdom teeth that are  un-erupted or impacted.”
“Q: Should molars  be routinely removed? A: American dentists have come to call wisdom  teeth 'teeth of misfortune'. This is because the cure is often worse  than the 'disease.'”
Other  arguments are that the third molars or wisdom teeth are vestigial  molars that used to help our ancestors in grinding down plant tissue.  Our ancestors had larger jaws with more teeth, but as the human diets  changed, smaller jaws evolved. Other findings suggest that the changing  diet has played a more significant role, than genetics, in the  development of the jaw size in human beings.
Therefore,  one can say that not all the third molars need to be removed  surgically. Each case needs to be studied independently, and the pros  and cons weighed carefully before making the decision to remove it or  not. If a tooth is not troublesome, then it can be left alone, till such  time that it does cause any symptoms of discomfort or pain. It is also  best to remove third molars surgically, if need be, during the younger  ages to middle age as the healing capacity of the tissues is much better  then, than in an older person.
 
 
 
 
